Pharmaceutical Payments to Authors of Dermatology Guidelines After Publication

Torunn E Sivesind, MD; Mindy D Szeto, MS; Jarett Anderson, BS; Jalal Maghfour, MD; Maya Matheny; Quan Nguyen Minh Le, BS; Michael Kamara, BS; Robert Dellavalle, MD, MSPH, PhD 1Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States 2Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ, United States 3Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States 4Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States 5University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States 6Dermatology Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States *these authors contributed equally

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) play increasingly vital and influential roles in clinical decision-making, optimization of patient care, and establishment and assessment care quality standards, and can affect insurance coverage. Oftentimes, CPG author expertise is sought by insurance and pharmaceutical companies, creating industry-physician relationships that may influence physicians' professional decisions. This is known as a conflict of interest (COI). Previous studies [1,2] provide strategies for reducing COI impact on guideline development (eg, restricting voting on final recommendations by committee members with COIs [1], requiring conflict-free periods prior to participation in guideline development [2]). In a June 2020 statement, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) announced revisions to its guideline development process, specifying that at least 51% of those authoring guidelines be nonconflicted (ie, no relevant financial COIs) and requiring nonconflicted authors to remain so for the entire guideline development process (ie, no new relevant industry relationships initiated during development) [3]. CPG development ends when the draft guideline is approved by the AAD's Board of Directors and submitted for publication [4]. The AAD requires disclosure of financial interests occurring within the 2-year period prior to CPG authorship [5]. Although a prior study [6] demonstrated that former Food and Drug Administration committee members frequently received payments from the industry after the approval of dermatologic drugs, to our knowledge, there exists no similar exploration of industry payments to authors of recently published AAD guidelines.
Post hoc general industry payments to AAD guideline authors in the period shortly following guideline publication (defined as publication year and 1 subsequent year) were analyzed. We reviewed all current AAD CPGs, including acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, keratinocyte carcinoma (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, same guideline authors), melanoma, psoriasis, and surgery, with publication dates spanning from 2013 to 2018. General payments made by companies to each CPG author were extracted and aggregated from publicly available data in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments database [7]. The psoriasis guideline was excluded from further analysis because, unlike the other guidelines, it was published after the recent changes to the AAD's COI policy for guideline authors, and Open Payments data was only available through 2020. The Food and Drug Administration Orange [8] and Purple [9] Book databases were searched to identify companies (and subsidiaries, according to US Securities and Exchange Commission filings) that were manufacturers of CPG drugs.
Of the 6 dermatology CPGs (Table 1), total payments to CPG authors by pharmaceutical companies manufacturing CPG-recommended drugs ranged from $46,554 (melanoma) to $1,374,780 (acne).
Overall, AAD CPG authors received substantial industry payments from companies with financial interests in the guideline recommendations, corroborating previous studies [10]. Industry payments occurring in the early postpublication period were received by more than 51% of the authors of CPGs on atopic dermatitis, acne, and surgery. Efforts to improve the transparency of author disclosures and minimize commercial bias are encouraged, and future studies should assess the impact of the recently implemented changes to the AAD's guideline development.

Conflicts of Interest
RD is editor-in-chief of JMIR Dermatology, a joint coordinating editor for Cochrane Skin, a dermatology section editor for UpToDate, a social media editor for the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), and a podcast editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID). He is a coordinating editor representative on Cochrane Council. TES is an editorial board member at large for JMIR Dermatology. RD receives editorial stipends (JAAD, JID), royalties (UpToDate), and expense reimbursement from Cochrane Skin. TES receives fellowship funding from Pfizer Inc.