Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review board of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria (NAUTH/CS/66/VOL.16/VER.3/86/2023/039). All study participants gave informed consent. Data anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed.

The study was designed as an educational interventional study. A WhatsApp group was created for the purpose of this study, and it was named People With Albinism Health Education Group. Participants were recruited from various WhatsApp groups for people with albinism in Nigeria, and this was done by sending a group invite link via the group admins to these groups. Participant Disclosure Form (Multimedia Appendix 1) was posted in the People With Albinism Health Education Group. This group had 4 admins who were well-trained dermatologists. Their function was to moderate the conversations in the group and answer questions. A convenience sampling method was used. The inclusion criteria were the following: people with albinism aged 18 years and older or caregivers of children with albinism younger than 18 years of age, who had access to smartphones or tablets and could use WhatsApp.

The WhatsApp messenger app was used as the intervention tool. The participants used their smartphones or tablets. The intervention included weekly sessions of health education delivered through text, images, videos, and voice messages, lasting for a month (January 9 to January 30, 2023). The topics covered in the sessions were the following: (1) understanding albinism, (2) skin problems associated with albinism, (3) sun avoidance and sun protection practices in albinism, as well as (4) myths about albinism and debunking them. In each session, a group admin educated the group for 1 hour (Multimedia Appendix 2). After each session, there was time for questions and comments.

A web-based questionnaire was created using Google Forms, and the link for the form was posted in the People With Albinism Health Education Group. The participants filled out the forms before and after the intervention. The questionnaire consisted of sections consisting of questions on social demographics and 4 domains (ie, questions on understanding albinism, sun protection, the use of sunscreens, and myths about albinism).

The reliability of the questionnaire was analyzed using the Cronbach alpha test and achieved a score of .72. This indicates that the questionnaire demonstrates a reasonable level of internal consistency. The questionnaire was reported in accordance with the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES).

Data from the web-based questionnaires was downloaded as a CSV file, and data cleaning was done using Microsoft Office Excel (version 2021). Duplicated and incomplete data were removed. Further analysis of data was done using SPSS (version 25; IBM Corp). All continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and found to be nonnormally distributed; thus, median and IQR values were used as measures of central tendency. Age was further classified into 4 groups based on their quartile distribution. All noncontinuous variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages.

To create a measure of respondents’ knowledge, their responses were graded as follows: strongly disagree=0, disagree=1, neutral=2, agree=3, and strongly agree=4. Responses to questions that included negative or false statements were reverse-scored. The sum of scores for each person was obtained in each domain, namely knowledge of albinism, knowledge of sun protection, knowledge of sunscreens, and knowledge of myths. The percentage score for each person was determined by dividing their sum score by the maximum achievable score in the domain and multiplying by 100. The percentage knowledge scores thus generated were treated as continuous variables.

To compare initial and final responses to individual questions, the Fisher exact test was performed on the frequency of each question. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the percentage knowledge scores before and after the intervention. Furthermore, Spearman correlation was used to correlate percentage knowledge scores before the start of WhatsApp sessions with age and the highest level of education. We also used Spearman correlation to assess the relationship between percentage knowledge scores after sessions and variables such as the number of sessions attended, age, and the highest level of education. Alpha level was set at P<.05.

The main finding of this study was a notable improvement in the overall knowledge of participants following the intervention. This study assessed the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a channel for providing health education to people with albinism. It is one of the most popular social media apps in Nigeria and can be used to share information, thereby strengthening the link between health care and IT.

The median age of the participants was 28 years. This is consistent with the age group that uses WhatsApp the most in Nigeria [14]. A notable finding was that 129 (62.6%) of the 206 participants never visited a dermatologist for skin checks. Possible explanations for this may be the paucity of dermatologists in Nigeria and the lack of awareness of the importance of skin checks in albinism. In our intervention, we emphasized the importance of skin checks and encouraged participants to visit dermatologists regularly for such checks.

Significant improvement was seen in the overall knowledge score after the intervention, specifically in the domains of sun protection and sunscreen use. This may be a result of using a combination of texts, images, videos, and audio messages during the intervention. The possibility of using multimedia through WhatsApp distinguishes this app from other digital health interventions that rely solely on text messaging. Mayer [18] stated that well-developed multimedia content can improve learning compared to using a single modality in the educational process [18]. Another reason for the remarkable improvement in overall knowledge after the intervention is the possibility of interaction between the group admins and the participants. This is also enhanced by the fact that WhatsApp group notifications can be received immediately after they are sent. The use of social media platforms, such as WhatsApp, has created room for connecting, sharing, and feedback, thereby enabling better communication [19]. Learning activities carried out through WhatsApp can be effective and impactful, and when used creatively, can serve as an alternative to the face-to-face approach [20].

Comparing the outcomes of this study is difficult due to the paucity of research that used WhatsApp as an intervention tool for health education among individuals with albinism. Pereira et al [15] conducted a pre-post intervention aimed at enhancing breast cancer knowledge among 35 women using WhatsApp, and they reported a statistically significant difference in the postintervention knowledge level. Likewise, Nayak et al [16] and Sartori et al [17] conducted interventional research using WhatsApp to improve knowledge of oral cancer and medication adherence among patients with hypertension and diabetes, respectively. These studies included control groups that received the traditional education method, yet they observed significant differences in the WhatsApp intervention group. Conversely, Al-ak’hali et al [21] indicated that WhatsApp is equally effective as traditional means and reported that WhatsApp had no added benefit compared to traditional education. This could be because, in their study design, all participants in the intervention and control groups had a baseline visit, when they were all educated in the clinic.

Age and educational level of people with albinism correlated positively with the overall knowledge level in the preintervention stage. After the intervention, there was no correlation observed, as the intervention benefitted people with albinism of all age groups and different educational statuses. This implies that the majority of the participants were brought to the same knowledge level irrespective of their age or educational status. This study also demonstrated that the number of sessions attended affected the knowledge levels, highlighting the importance of early involvement of the participants in such interventions to achieve maximum impact. Overall. These findings showed that WhatsApp is a valuable tool in digital health interventions that can be explored in the field of dermatology.

The increased knowledge among participants following our intervention may lead to behavior-based sun protection practices. This adjustment in behavior can be reinforced by periodic conversations and reminders regarding albinism and photoprotection in the WhatsApp group. Recent reviews of social media interventions for health behavior change have shown that social media can have a substantial effect on health behavior [22].

With regard to myths of albinism, we noted that there was no statistical significance in knowledge levels before and after the intervention. A possible explanation for this is that most of the participants had a good understanding of the myths about albinism before the intervention. This can be attributed to the educational status of the participants. The highest educational level of most of the participants was tertiary education, indicating that they were sufficiently informed to distinguish between myths and facts about albinism. This is supported by the finding that knowledge of myths was significantly correlated with the educational status of respondents.

Further work will be required to explore the long-term impact of WhatsApp-based health education on sun protection practices among people with albinism and to investigate the scalability and cost-effectiveness of such interventions in larger populations.

As an interventional study, there is a possibility of social desirability bias [17]. This can be seen in health interventions for individuals with chronic diseases [23]. Participants would be likely to portray themselves or certain behaviors in a favorable light.

Data security is another limitation of WhatsApp. Although WhatsApp offers end-to-end encryption of messages that ensure the security of information, there is still the chance of data security breaches.

Additionally, the smaller number of postintervention participants compared to the number of participants before the intervention probably affected the overall power of the study.

Further studies could be conducted on the long-term effectiveness of WhatsApp in attitudes and behavior changes related to photoprotection in people with albinism. Additionally, research with a control group of people with albinism undergoing traditional methods of communication could allow for a comparison between WhatsApp and traditional means of health education. Further research on expanding the use of mobile apps in dermatology would improve health care services, especially in Nigeria.

WhatsApp has been useful in the health education of people with albinism, providing them with knowledge on albinism, sun protection practices, and myths about albinism. Interactive messaging and the use of multimedia were important in the success of this intervention program. Therefore, WhatsApp has proven to be a promising tool in teledermatology in Nigeria. There is a paucity of studies evaluating the effectiveness of using WhatsApp in the health education of people with albinism. However, we consider this study to be the first of its kind in demonstrating it as a suitable approach.