Published on in Vol 5, No 3 (2022): Jul-Sep

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/34448, first published .
From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Mycosis Fungoides

From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Mycosis Fungoides

From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Mycosis Fungoides

Research Letter

1Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States

2Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States

3Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

4Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

5Working group Evidence-based Medicine Frankfurt, Institute for General Practice, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

6Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States

7Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States

*all authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

Robert P Dellavalle, MSPH, MD, PhD

Department of Dermatology

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

1700 N Wheeling St

Rm E1-342

Aurora, CO, 80045

United States

Phone: 1 720 857 5562

Email: Robert.dellavalle@ucdenver.edu



Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a chronic malignant condition characterized by a proliferation of clonal T helper cells in the skin. MF remains difficult to treat despite being the most common cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The disease is often refractory, with existing treatments providing only a short duration of clinical response [1]. A 2020 Cochrane review, “Interventions for mycosis fungoides,” provides a comprehensive review of evidence from 20 randomized clinical trials of local and systemic interventions for Alibert-Bazin–type MF (N=1369) [2]. Interventions evaluated in this review included topicals, intralesional therapies, phototherapy, total skin electron beam irradiation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), biologics, and combination therapies.

The authors aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of interventions for MF using two primary outcome measures: health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adverse events (AEs). Secondary outcomes included complete response (CR) and objective response rate (ORR). A CR was defined as the complete disappearance of all clinical evidence of disease. The ORR was defined as the proportion of patients with a CR or partial response, meaning the regression of measurable disease of at least 50% in the T, N, M, and B categories. Key outcomes are reported in Table 1. HRQoL was only reported in two studies that could not be analyzed together as it was divided by responder versus nonresponder rather than by treatment group. Common AEs ranged from mild symptoms to severe events. Overall, the evidence indicated that the more aggressive therapies (systemic chemotherapy and combination therapies) resulted in more severe AEs. From all therapies, the CR ranged from 0% to 83% (median 31%), and the ORR ranged from 0% to 88% (median 47%).

Data analysis of the five trials assessing the use of psoralen plus UV-A (PUVA) contributed to the key findings of this review, as it is first-line therapy for early-stage MF and is often used as adjunctive treatment in advanced stages. The authors found no evidence to support the addition of bexarotene or intralesional interferon-α (IFN-α) to PUVA when compared to PUVA alone. Separately, they noted that PUVA combined with IFN-α may lead to a higher CR when compared to IFN-α combined with acitretin. The authors did not find evidence to refute the recommendation of PUVA as a first-line treatment. There was insufficient evidence for adjunctive or alternative therapies such as acitretin or ECP to treat MF.

Using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) criteria, the authors report a lack of high-certainty evidence to guide MF treatment. Many trials included in the review were either inadequate in methodological quality, heterogenous in design, or had insufficient sample sizes. Reported outcomes varied across studies, prohibiting conclusive assessments of the safety, efficacy, and HRQoL impact of these interventions.

Table 1. Summary of key primary and secondary outcomes.
RCTsa,bPatients, nComparisonAnticipated absolute effects (95% CI)cRelative effect (95% CI)Quality of evidence (GRADEd approach)
1122PUVAe vs IFN-αf + PUVA
  • HRQoLg: NMh
  • AEsi: NM
  • CRj: 731 per 1000 vs 783 per 1000 (636-958)
  • ORRk: NM
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: NM
  • CR: RRl 1.07 (0.87-1.31) (1)
  • ORR: NM
  • (1) Low
216PUVA vs ECPm
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: Mild nausea after PUVA (n=NRn), hypotension in ECP group (n=1)
  • CR: 250 per 1000 vs 50 per 1000 (3-903)
  • ORR: 750 per 1000 vs 53 per 1000 (0-750)
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: NM
  • CR: RR 0.20 (0.01-3.61) (1)
  • ORR: RR 0.08 (0.01-1.17) (2)
  • (1) Very low
  • (2) Very low
393PUVA vs PUVA + bexarotene
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: NM
  • CR: 222 per 1000 vs 313 per 1000 (158-622)
  • ORR: 489 per 1000 vs 460 per 1000 (298-704)
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: photosensitivity RR 2.68 (0.11-64.04) (1)
  • CR: RR 1.41 (0.71-2.80) (2)
  • ORR: RR 0.94 (0.61-1.44) (3)
  • (1) Low
  • (2) Low
  • (3) Low
482IFN-α + PUVA vs IFN-α + acitretin
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: flu-like symptoms 525 per 1000 vs 693 per 1000 (483-987)
  • CR: 700 per 1000 vs 378 per 1000 (245-588)
  • ORR: NM
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: RR 1.32 (0.92-1.88) (1)
  • CR: RR 0.54 (0.35-0.84) (2)
  • ORR: NM
  • (1) Low
  • (2) Low
527No maintenance vs PUVA maintenance
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: NEo
  • CR: NE
  • ORR: NM
  • HRQoL: NM
  • AEs: NE
  • CR: NE
  • ORR: NM
  • NR

aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

bThe studies were ordered by summary findings numbers assigned in the original Cochrane review [2].

cThe risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

dGRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.

ePUVA: psoralen plus UV-A.

fIFN-α: interferon-α.

gHRQoL: health-related quality of life.

hNM: not measured.

iAE: adverse event.

jCR: complete response.

kORR: objective response rate.

lRR: risk ratio.

mECP: extracorporeal photochemotherapy.

nNR: not reported.

oNE: not estimable based on reported data.

Although MF, particularly early stage, generally portends a favorable prognosis, a recent cause of death analysis combining all stages of the disease revealed that patients with MF are most likely to die of the disease [3]. The incidence of MF has been increasing over the past 50 years without concurrent improvement in evidence-based treatment options [3]. In line with most MF treatment guidelines, this review supports PUVA as a major intervention used in MF—a therapy that may be limited by a maximum lifetime dose after which increased risk for melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma become a concern [4]. Thus, future efforts should be directed toward high-quality studies with patient-reported outcomes, safety, and efficacy of alternative MF interventions [5].

Editorial Notice

This article is based on a Cochrane Review previously published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 7, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008946.pub3 (see www.cochranelibrary.com for information). Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to feedback, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should be consulted for the most recent version of the review.

Conflicts of Interest

AHK does not have any conflicts of interest. RPD is a joint coordinating editor for Cochrane Skin, editor in chief of JMIR Dermatology, a dermatology section editor for UpToDate, a social media editor for the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), and a podcast editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID). He is also a coordinating editor representative on Cochrane Council. TES is an editorial board member-at-large for JMIR Dermatology. TW is a section editor for the Journal of the German Society of Dermatology and the Journal of Evidence and Quality in Health Care.

RPD receives editorial stipends (JAAD, JID), royalties (UpToDate), and expense reimbursement from Cochrane Skin. TES receives fellowship funding from Pfizer. PW receives royalties from UpToDate. MM is a paid content creator for VisualDx. Unrelated to this study, JS reports institutional grants for investigator-initiated research from the German GBA, the BMG, BMBF, European Union, Federal State of Saxony, Novartis, Sanofi, ALK, and Pfizer. JS also participated in advisory board meetings as a paid consultant for Sanofi, Lilly, and ALK. TW offers standard courses in evidence-based medicine for all that are interested, including participants of pharmaceutical companies. TW is a paid consultant for Germany’s product testing foundation “Stiftung Warentest,” the institute for the written medical and pharmaceutical licensing examinations in Germany (Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen), for the medical advisory service of the German social health insurance (Medizinischer Dienstes Bund), and for the trade association trauma hospital in Frankfurt (Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt).

  1. Jawed SI, Myskowski PL, Horwitz S, Moskowitz A, Querfeld C. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome): part I. Diagnosis: clinical and histopathologic features and new molecular and biologic markers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014 Feb;70(2):205.e1-16; quiz 221. [CrossRef] [Medline]
  2. Valipour A, Jäger M, Wu P, Schmitt J, Bunch C, Weberschock T. Interventions for mycosis fungoides. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Jul 07;7:CD008946 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  3. Kaufman AE, Patel K, Goyal K, O'Leary D, Rubin N, Pearson D, et al. Mycosis fungoides: developments in incidence, treatment and survival. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Oct;34(10):2288-2294 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  4. Shipman AR, Scarisbrick J. New treatment options for mycosis fungoides. Indian J Dermatol 2016;61(1):119 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  5. Olsen EA, Whittaker S, Kim YH, Duvic M, Prince HM, Lessin SR, International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011 Jun 20;29(18):2598-2607 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]


AE: adverse event
CR: complete response
ECP: extracorporeal photochemotherapy
GRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations
HRQoL: health-related quality of life
IFN-α: interferon-α
JAAD: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
JID: Journal of Investigative Dermatology
MF: mycosis fungoides
ORR: objective response rate
PUVA: psoralen plus UV-A


Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 25.10.21; peer-reviewed by R Alhusayen, MS Hosseini; comments to author 16.01.22; revised version received 30.06.22; accepted 31.07.22; published 26.08.22

Copyright

©Alison Kohn Kucharik, Torunn E Sivesind, Jochen Schmitt, Tobias Weberschock, Peggy Wu, Mavra Masood, Robert P Dellavalle. Originally published in JMIR Dermatology (http://derma.jmir.org), 26.08.2022.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Dermatology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://derma.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.