This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Research Letter (86) E-Dermatology (13) Clinical Information and Decision Making (1434) mHealth for Symptom and Disease Monitoring, Chronic Disease Management (1428) Decision Support for Health Professionals (1210)

Published on in Vol 6 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/47142, first published .
A Review of Software and Mobile Apps to Support the Clinical Diagnosis of Hansen Disease

A Review of Software and Mobile Apps to Support the Clinical Diagnosis of Hansen Disease

A Review of Software and Mobile Apps to Support the Clinical Diagnosis of Hansen Disease

Authors of this article:

Wilbert Dener Lemos Costa1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Alan Maicon de Oliveira1, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Guilherme José Aguilar1, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Luana Michelly Aparecida Costa dos Santos1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Luiz Ricardo Albano dos Santos1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Dantony de Castro Barros Donato1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Felipe Foresto1, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade2 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by Tweetations (7) Metrics

    Research Letter

    1Intersection LTDA, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    2Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    3School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    4Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    5School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    *all authors contributed equally

    Corresponding Author:

    Alan Maicon de Oliveira, MSc, PhD

    School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto

    University of São Paulo

    Avenida do Café, s/n

    Vila Monte Alegre

    Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900

    Brazil

    Phone: 55 16 3315 41817

    Email: alanoliveira@usp.br


    This scoping review indicates a lack of scientific articles that specifically explore software and mobile applications designed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of leprosy, and our findings have provided insights into the available tools, their usage methods, and the benefits offered by health technologies.

    JMIR Dermatol 2023;6:e47142

    doi:10.2196/47142

    Keywords

    software; mobile apps; leprosy; medical informatics; Mycobacterium leprae; clinical diagnosis; Hansen disease; mHealth; mobile health; mobile app; Hansen; dermatology; scoping review; skin; diagnosis; diagnostic 


    Hansen disease, or leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M leprae). It mainly affects the skin’s superficial nerves and peripheral nerve trunks and can also impact the eyes and internal organs. If untreated, leprosy becomes contagious and can lead to physical disabilities. Additionally, it imposes significant social, emotional, and economic burdens [1].

    The diagnosis of leprosy is based on assessing clinical presentation, including signs and symptoms. Leprosy cases are classified into two types for treatment: paucibacillary and multibacillary. Paucibacillary cases have 1 to 5 skin lesions and no bacilli in a bacilloscopy, whereas multibacillary cases have more than 5 skin lesions and/or the presence of bacilli in a bacilloscopy [1,2].

    The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages early leprosy detection and supports the development of mobile health (mHealth) innovations for this purpose [2]. The use of computational tools in health care is expanding, providing health care professionals with enhanced agility and precision and improving the overall patient-physician experience [3,4].

    This study aimed to identify the scientific literature on software and mobile apps designed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of leprosy and describe their main characteristics.


    We used the methodology developed by Arksey and O’Malley [5], following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. This included defining the eligibility criteria, devising a search strategy (Multimedia Appendix 1), selecting sources of evidence (PubMed and Embase), collecting data, and synthesizing results. All steps of the methodology were documented in a previously registered protocol [6].


    Selection of Studies

    In step 1, a database search yielded 416 publications. After removing duplicates (n=81), step 2 involved an eligibility assessment based on title and abstract analysis. Step 3 included reading the full texts of the selected studies. Excluded articles were mainly protocols or conference abstracts. Ultimately, 3 publications were analyzed in this scoping review [7-9] (Figure 1).

    ‎
    Figure 1. Flowchart outlining the study selection and inclusion process.

    Characteristics of the Included Studies

    The studies included in this review were published between 2018 and 2021 (Table 1). Two were initiatives conducted in Brazil [8,9], and one was from the not-for-profit organization Netherlands Leprosy Relief [7]. One of the studies analyzed [8] used a computerized method to assess the Mitsuda test. This test involves assessing the skin’s immune response and can aid in identifying individuals at risk of developing illness upon exposure to M leprae. SkinApp, as described by Mieras et al [7], was still in development and was undergoing updates based on applicability tests, despite having already undergone several development stages. De Souza et al [9] proposed a cross-platform app, comprising a vast database to assist in the screening and differentiation of leprosy types. The Brazilian database Information System for Notifiable Diseases was used to develop this app.

    Table 1. Aims and outcomes of the included studies.
    Reference and year of publicationStudy aimsSoftware/appMethodology used by the software/appPositive aspectsNegative aspects
    Mieras et al [7], 2018
    • To describe the development process of a mobile phone app that supports peripheral health workers in diagnosing and treating skin diseases in resource-poor settings
    • SkinApp
    • Algorithm to support the process of diagnosis
    • Descriptions of skin diseases, supporting photos, as well as treatment and referral advice
    • Training tool
    • Easy to use
    • Clear treatment advice (ie, narrative and illustrative content was considered clear)
    • Clinical validation of a patient with a skin disease
    • Available in English and Portuguese (Android, Google Play Store; iOS, Apple App Store)
    • Free of charge
    • Can be used offline

    • Needs to improve intelligibility; a glossary explaining dermatological terminology could help
    • A reporting option was also mentioned as a possible improvement
    • Not all treatment options may be available
    • The studies that were carried out did not address the performance of SkinApp as a diagnostic tool
    Alecrim et al [8], 2019
    • To compare the results between the standardized reading and the total area of the Mitsuda test obtained by a computerized method that was structured by associating the digital dermatoscopy, the Dermatology Web system, and the Image Tool 3.0 software
    • Dermatology Web + Image Tool 3.0
    • Dermatology Web: photographic documentation of dermatological treatments and photo storage
    • Image Tool 3.0: view, edit, analyze, process, save, and print images
    • Dermatology Web: can be used on any mobile platform or computer connected to the internet; ensured security and confidentiality of data stored in medical records
    • Image Tool 3.0: area calculation; image calibrated in millimeters; delineation of the contours of the reaction; results in a total area in square millimeters
    • Dermatology Web + Image Tool 3.0: improves reading precision; allows for the computerization of records

    • Dermatology Web + Image Tool 3.0: functions are not centralized in a single software
    De Souza et al [9], 2021
    • To develop a cross-platform app for leprosy screening based on artificial intelligence
    • App for leprosy screening
    • Supervised learning (random forest)
    • Improves coverage and scalability to the health service regarding the choice of an appropriate treatment for leprosy
    • Accessibility via mobile or desktop option
    • Speed, scalability, and broadcasting to fight leprosy without compromising accuracy
    • High accuracy (92.38%), sensitivity (93.97%), and specificity (87.09%)
    • Not available without an internet connection
    • Quality of the data used by the app depends on many factors (quality of the items requested by the forms and their correct interpretation, correct clinical assessment of the patient, proper filling out of the forms)

    Principal Findings

    This review indicates a scarcity of software and mobile apps specifically designed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of leprosy, with their development documented in scientific articles. Despite their promising attributes for clinical practice, it is advisable to test these technologies using controlled trials to determine their actual impact.

    The Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030 [2], initiated by the WHO, emphasized the importance of developing eHealth innovations to improve the diagnosis and care of patients with leprosy. Others have also supported the potential of digital technologies in health care [3,4]. As a result, our study aligns with the WHO initiative and offers valuable insights for enhancing strategies in this domain.

    In 2020, a total of 127,396 new cases of leprosy were reported worldwide. As a result, Brazil ranks second globally in terms of leprosy cases, with India having the highest number of cases [2]. These data may help explain why the majority of the software and apps described in our study was developed in Brazil.

    It is important to note that not all health technology tools have their development documented in scientific studies [10], and it is possible that relevant evidence might not have been indexed in the databases we used for our search. Consequently, some initiatives [10] did not meet our inclusion criteria. Nevertheless, our study underscores the importance of documenting technological advancements in scientific studies and encourages their implementation through controlled trials.

    Limitations

    Our study involved searching for relevant studies using 2 databases. We did not use additional health databases or multidisciplinary databases, which may have influenced our results. Furthermore, we specifically focused on publications related to the clinical diagnosis of leprosy, excluding studies pertaining to laboratory diagnosis and disease follow-up. As a result, the scope of our findings was limited.

    Acknowledgments

    We would like to acknowledge the funding agency Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior [CAPES]) for providing financial support for this study (88882.328412/2019-01). Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to the team at Intersection LTDA for inspiring us to conduct this study.

    Authors' Contributions

    WDLC, GJA, LMACdS, LRAdS, DdCBD, FF, and AMdO contributed to the writing of this manuscript as well as data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. AMdO and MACF contributed to the study concept and design, writing of the manuscript, and critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    Multimedia Appendix 1

    Search strategy for databases.

    DOCX File , 15 KB
    Multimedia Appendix 2

    PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist.

    PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 150 KB
    1. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy. World Health Organization. 2018. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274127 [accessed 2023-08-14]
    2. Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, SEARO Regional Office for the South East Asia (RGO). Towards zero leprosy: global leprosy (Hansen's disease) strategy 2021-2030. World Health Organization. Apr 15, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290228509 [accessed 2023-08-14]
    3. Marcolino MS, Oliveira JAQ, D'Agostino M, Ribeiro AL, Alkmim MBM, Novillo-Ortiz D. The impact of mHealth interventions: systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Jan 17, 2018;6(1):e23. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Mao Y, Lin W, Wen J, Chen G. Impact and efficacy of mobile health intervention in the management of diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. Sep 2020;8(1) [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. Feb 2005;8(1):19-32. [CrossRef]
    6. Costa W, de OA, Aguilar G, Santos L, Santos L, Donato D. Software and mobile apps to support the clinical diagnosis of Hansen's disease: a scoping review. OSF Registries. Mar 27, 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JFMS2 [accessed 2023-08-14]
    7. Mieras L, Taal A, Post E, Ndeve A, van Hees C. The development of a mobile application to support peripheral health workers to diagnose and treat people with skin diseases in resource-poor settings. Trop Med Infect Dis. Sep 15, 2018;3(3):102. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Alecrim ESD, Chaves AT, Pôrto LAB, Grossi MADF, Lyon S, Rocha MODC. Reading of the Mitsuda test: comparison between diameter and total area by means of a computerized method. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Feb 14, 2019;61:e5. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. De Souza MLM, Lopes GA, Branco AC, Fairley JK, Fraga LADO. Leprosy screening based on artificial intelligence: development of a cross-platform app. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Apr 07, 2021;9(4):e23718. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Neglected tropical diseases of the skin: WHO launches mobile application to facilitate diagnosis. World Health Organization. Jul 16, 2020. URL: https://tinyurl.com/297hamn5 [accessed 2023-03-02]

    ‎
    mHealth: mobile health
    PRISMA-ScR: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews
    WHO: World Health Organization

    Edited by R Dellavalle; submitted 09.03.23; peer-reviewed by F Khordastan, I do Vale de Souza; comments to author 27.06.23; revised version received 06.07.23; accepted 04.08.23; published 18.08.23.

    Copyright

    ©Wilbert Dener Lemos Costa, Alan Maicon de Oliveira, Guilherme José Aguilar, Luana Michelly Aparecida Costa dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo Albano dos Santos, Dantony de Castro Barros Donato, Felipe Foresto, Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade. Originally published in JMIR Dermatology (http://derma.jmir.org), 18.08.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Dermatology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://derma.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.