Published on in Vol 6 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/47148, first published .
From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Ulceration and Other Skin Changes Caused by Nerve Damage in Leprosy

From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Ulceration and Other Skin Changes Caused by Nerve Damage in Leprosy

From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Ulceration and Other Skin Changes Caused by Nerve Damage in Leprosy

Research Letter

1Boston College, Chestnut Hill, CA, United States

2Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States

3Department of Global Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

4Division of Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

5Dermatology Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States

Corresponding Author:

Robert P Dellavalle, MSPH, MD, PhD

Dermatology Service

Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center

1700 N Wheeling St

Rm E1-342

Aurora, CO, 80045

United States

Phone: 1 720 857 5562

Fax:1 720 723 7876

Email: robert.dellavalle@cuanschutz.edu




Leprosy (Hansen disease) is a chronic and infectious bacterial disease that was responsible for 127,558 new cases worldwide in 2020 [1]. The disease is most prevalent in developing countries, particularly in India, Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, and Bangladesh [2]. The pathogenic bacteria responsible for the disease, Mycobacterium leprae, infects peripheral nerves, causing nerve damage and sensory loss in up to 30% of patients [2]. This sensory loss can lead to debilitating neuropathic ulcers that can be found on any part of the body, although they are most commonly found on the hands and feet. There are a variety of treatment interventions available [3]. Given the persistence of leprosy as a global disease, physicians must be aware of the most effective treatments for ulcers to prevent further growth and additional infections. A 2019 Cochrane review by Reinar et al [4], “Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy,” provides a comprehensive review of evidence regarding the effectiveness of various treatments for leprosy-caused skin damage.


The review [4] extracted data across 14 studies and 854 patients to evaluate different therapeutic interventions and the associated healing time for leprosy-related ulcers. Of these studies, 13 assessed treatment options for existing ulcers and 2 evaluated the prevention of new ulcers. The studies investigating treatment for existing ulcers assessed interventions including laser therapy, light-emitting diode (LED), zinc tape, intralesional pentoxifylline, pulsed magnetic fields, wax therapy, ketanserin, human amniotic membrane gel, phenytoin, plaster shoes, and protective footwear. The interventions were compared in terms of mean reduction in the ulcer area and the number of ulcers healed over time, with healing time ranging from 2 weeks to 4 months.


Of the 14 studies evaluated, 3 analyzed the effectiveness of zinc tape compared to other interventions and found that zinc tape resulted in a shorter healing time. However, Reinar et al [4] cautioned that the studies may be affected by bias and wide CIs. Two additional studies compared phenytoin to saline dressing and found that phenytoin resulted in a more significant mean percentage reduction in ulcer area and volume after 4 weeks. Another study examined preventative care by comparing canvas shoes with polyvinyl chloride boots and found there was no significant difference between the two interventions, as none of the 72 participants developed new ulcers over a 1-year period.

The authors note that it is challenging to draw firm conclusions from the results of these studies because most of the studies included had a high and unclear risk of bias. These biases included, but are not limited to, selection, performance, detection, and attrition bias. To improve the quality of future research, larger sample sizes and increased patient follow-up are needed.

Since the publication of this review, there have been several studies exploring further treatments that should be taken into consideration. For example, one study compared the use of topical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 1% to topical antibiotic gauze and found EGCG 1% to be a more effective treatment [5]. Another study looked at the efficacy of a topical insulin solution (10 units) compared to topical normal saline and found the topical insulin to be more effective [6].


The Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology does not provide specific recommendations for treating leprosy-related ulcers, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment of the disease with oral medications [7]. Preventative measures for ulcers, such as protective footwear, and interventions, including zinc and phenytoin, should be further investigated in areas with high disease prevalence to determine the most effective treatments for patients with advanced stages of the disease [3].

Acknowledgments

RPD receives editorial stipends (JMIR Dermatology), royalties (UpToDate), and expense reimbursement from Cochrane. MA receives fellowship funding from the Pfizer Global Medical Grant (grants 65894351 and 58858477) Dermatology Fellowship 2022 (principal investigator [PI]: RPD) and the National Institutes of Health (grant 5T32AR007411-37; PI: Dennis Roop).

Conflicts of Interest

RPD is an editor for Cochrane Skin, editor-in-chief of JMIR Dermatology, a dermatology section editor for UpToDate, and a social media editor for the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD). He is a Cochrane Council cochair.

Editorial Notice

The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and in no way represent the Cochrane Library or Wiley.

This article is based on a Cochrane Review previously published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012235.pub2 (see www.cochranelibrary.com for information). Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to feedback, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should be consulted for the most recent version of the review.

  1. Leprosy. World Health Organization. Jan 11, 2022. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy [accessed 2023-01-25]
  2. Bhandari J, Awais M, Robbins BA, Gupta V. Leprosy. Treasure Island, FL. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559307/ [accessed 2023-07-28]
  3. Barreto JG, Salgado CG. Clinic-epidemiological evaluation of ulcers in patients with leprosy sequelae and the effect of low level laser therapy on wound healing: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis. Aug 10, 2010;10(1):237. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  4. Reinar L, Forsetlund L, Lehman L, Brurberg K. Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 31, 2019;7(7):CD012235. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  5. Prakoeswa CRS, Oktaviyanti RN, Indramaya DM, Hendradri E, Sawitri S, Astari L, et al. Efficacy of topical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 1% on the healing of chronic plantar ulcers in leprosy. J Dermatolog Treat. Dec 27, 2021;32(8):1026-1030. [CrossRef] [Medline]
  6. Singh M, Pawar M. Efficacy of topical insulin therapy for chronic trophic ulcers in patients with leprosy: a randomized interventional pilot study. Adv Skin Wound Care. Feb 2020;33(2):1-6. [CrossRef] [Medline]
  7. Maymone MB, Venkatesh S, Laughter M, Abdat R, Hugh J, Dacso MM, et al. Leprosy: treatment and management of complications. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jul 2020;83(1):17-30. [CrossRef] [Medline]


EGCG: epigallocatechin gallate
LED: light-emitting diode


Edited by R Alhusayen; submitted 09.03.23; peer-reviewed by K Ashack, L Wheless; comments to author 21.06.23; revised version received 29.06.23; accepted 23.07.23; published 23.08.23.

Copyright

©Lachlan Anderson, Madeline Adelman, Liv Merete Reinar, Robert P Dellavalle. Originally published in JMIR Dermatology (http://derma.jmir.org), 23.08.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Dermatology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://derma.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.