This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Research Letter (75) Dermatology Health Services Research (47)

Published on in Vol 6 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/49070, first published .
A Survey of Patient Demographics in Inflammatory Skin Disease Case Reports

A Survey of Patient Demographics in Inflammatory Skin Disease Case Reports

A Survey of Patient Demographics in Inflammatory Skin Disease Case Reports

Authors of this article:

Ross O'Hagan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Stella A Caldas1 Author Orcid Image ;   Patrick M Brunner1 Author Orcid Image ;   Benjamin Ungar1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (1) Tweetations (2) Metrics

    Research Letter

    Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

    Corresponding Author:

    Benjamin Ungar, MD

    Department of Dermatology

    Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

    5 E 98th St, 5th Floor

    New York, NY, 10029

    United States

    Phone: 1 413 424 9551

    Email: benjiungar@gmail.com




    What functions do case reports serve in the medical literature and practice? Their functions are numerous, including the dissemination of unique clinical observations, novel treatment approaches, and hypothesis generation [1]. While individual case reports have inherent limitations such as publication bias and limited scope, previous work has shown situations in which meta-analyses of case reports and formal clinical studies agree [2]. By aggregating large numbers of published case reports, the impact of clinical and treatment outliers (ie, “black swan” events [3]) reported in the dermatology literature can potentially be dampened. However, little work has been carried out to assess which diseases and demographics have a greater number of published case reports associated with them. In this paper, we use a novel data set to explore the potential biases in case report publications in inflammatory skin conditions by disease for demographic factors.


    In this study, we evaluated the frequency of case reports of 5 common inflammatory skin diseases using PubMed Central Patients (PMC-Patients), a collection of 167,000 patient summaries extracted from case reports [4]. Reports on patients with diseases of interest were collected using string match for the disease, and demographic information of the patients in the identified case reports was extracted from PMC-Patients. All analyses and figures were generated using R (version 4.2.2; R Core Team). This study did not require institutional review board approval.


    Case reports were found for patients with acne (n=632), alopecia areata (AA; n=69), atopic dermatitis (AD; n=259), psoriasis (n=800), and rosacea (n=100). We found that AD had the smallest percentage of female patients (n=107, 41.3%), and rosacea had the largest (n=58, 58%). Female patients accounted for 53.5% (n=338), 49.3% (n=34), and 43.5% (n=348) of case reports on acne, AA, and psoriasis, respectively. The mean age was 34.6 (SD 20.1) years for patients with acne, 30.9 (SD 18.1) years for patients with AA, 27 (SD 22.2) years for patients with AD, 46.4 (SD 19.8) years for patients with psoriasis, and 48.4 (SD 15) years for patients with rosacea. Plotting histograms of patient ages indicated that rosacea cases had a normal distribution, AD and acne had a right-sided skew, psoriasis had a left-sided skew, and AA was bimodal (Figure 1).

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    Figure 1. Histograms of patient age by inflammatory skin disease type in case report literature.

    This study summarizes the frequency of case reports of inflammatory skin diseases and describes their demographic distributions. Although some findings are in line with published studies, such as the decreasing prevalence of AD with age, or the congruent age distribution of AD and AA, which can co-occur in a large proportion of patients, other aspects were less representative, with the cases focusing more on male patients despite a generally female predominance in AD [5]. Additionally, there were over 11 times more cases reported about psoriasis than AA, despite prevalence estimates that are closer in magnitude. To the best of our knowledge, there is no clear reason why there would be such stark variations in gender demographics or disease representation. These results suggest that case reports may not be entirely reflective of the demographic makeup of different diseases. Study limitations include the use of automated review technologies that may lead to some missed case reports and that race and ethnicity were not available data points. Further research is needed to better understand how demographic representation is produced in inflammatory skin disease case reports.

    Conflicts of Interest

    BU is an employee of Mount Sinai and has received research funds (grants paid to the institution) from Incyte, Rapt Therapeutics, and Pfizer. He is also a consultant for Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Castle Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer, and Sanofi.

    1. Nissen T, Wynn R. The clinical case report: a review of its merits and limitations. BMC Res Notes. Apr 23, 2014;7:264. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Sampayo-Cordero M, Miguel-Huguet B, Pardo-Mateos A, Moltó-Abad M, Muñoz-Delgado C, Pérez-López J. Agreement between the results of meta-analyses from case reports and from clinical studies regarding the efficacy of laronidase therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I who initiated enzyme replacement therapy in adult age: An example of case reports meta-analyses as an useful tool for evidence-based medicine in rare diseases. Mol Genet Metab. Feb 2018;123(2):69-75. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Yesudian RI, Yesudian PD. Case reports and narrative fallacies: the enigma of black swans in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol. Jun 2021;46(4):641-645. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Zhao Z, Jin Q, Chen F, Peng T, Yu S. PMC-Patients: a large-scale dataset of patient summaries and relations for benchmarking retrieval-based clinical decision support systems. arXiv.. Preprint posted online Feb 28, 2022. [CrossRef]
    5. Barbarot S, Auziere S, Gadkari A, Girolomoni G, Puig L, Simpson EL, et al. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in adults: results from an international survey. Allergy. Jun 2018;73(6):1284-1293. [CrossRef] [Medline]

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    AA: alopecia areata
    AD: atopic dermatitis
    PMC-Patients: PubMed Central Patients

    Edited by R Dellavalle; submitted 07.06.23; peer-reviewed by S Esworthy, M Gasmi , J Makin; comments to author 28.08.23; revised version received 05.09.23; accepted 15.09.23; published 25.09.23.

    Copyright

    ©Ross O'Hagan, Stella A Caldas, Patrick M Brunner, Benjamin Ungar. Originally published in JMIR Dermatology (http://derma.jmir.org), 25.09.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Dermatology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://derma.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.