Published on in Vol 7 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/56684, first published .
A Survey of Demographics and Treatments in Melanoma Case Reports: Retrospective Bibliometric Analysis

A Survey of Demographics and Treatments in Melanoma Case Reports: Retrospective Bibliometric Analysis

A Survey of Demographics and Treatments in Melanoma Case Reports: Retrospective Bibliometric Analysis

Research Letter

1Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

2Department of Medical Education, Garnet Health, Middletown, NY, United States

Corresponding Author:

Nicholas Gulati, MD, PhD

Department of Dermatology

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

5 East 98th St, 5th floor

New York, NY, 10029

United States

Phone: 1 212 241 9728

Email: nicholas.gulati@mssm.edu




Case reports provide valuable insights into clinical practices. However, dermatological case reports are not perfect, with some diseases being overreported and others having sex imbalances relative to patient populations [1]. Melanoma is a skin cancer that has differences in outcomes based on patient demographics [2,3]; thus, it is important to understand the treatments reported in case reports and their demographic variations. Therefore, we assessed the demographics represented in melanoma case reports, the various treatment modalities listed, and how treatments vary by demographics.


To explore the demographics of patients in PubMed-listed case reports, we used techniques previously described [1,4]. Patients with melanoma and their treatment regimens were determined via string match. Included patients had the text “melanoma” listed in their case report summary. Each treatment modality was included in the analysis if its name was found in the case report summary. Age and sex information was listed in the PMC-Patients database. Differences in treatment by sex and mean age were determined by calculating odds ratios (ORs). Analysis was performed using R (version 4.2.2; R Foundation for Statistical Computing).


Of the 167,034 patients listed in the PMC-Patients database, 2133 (1.3%) had case reports that mentioned “melanoma.” The mean age of patients with melanoma was 55.4 (SD 18.3) years (Figure 1), and 1173 (55%) of the 2133 patients were male.

Figure 1. Age histogram of patients with melanoma.

Of the 2133 patients, the most mentioned treatment modality was surgery (n=693, 32.5% patients). The least frequently mentioned modality of treatment was radiation therapy (n=156, 7.3% patients; Table 1). Of the chemotherapies mentioned, the most common was dacarbazine (n=102, 4.8% patients). Of the immunotherapies mentioned, the most common was ipilimumab (n=341, 16% patients; Table 1).

Female patients were significantly more likely to receive surgery than male patients (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06-1.53; P=.009), and male patients were significantly more likely to receive immunotherapy (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.10-1.62; P=.003). There were no significant differences by sex for receiving radiation therapy (P=.84) or chemotherapy (P=.49). Those older than the median age of 58 years were more likely to receive immunotherapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.60-2.35; P<.001). There were no significant differences by age for surgery (P=.11), radiation therapy (P=.09), or chemotherapy (P=.42).

Table 1. Treatment modalities, chemotherapies, and immunotherapies in case reports (n=2133).
MentionsCase report, n (%)
Treatment modality

Surgery


Included693 (32.5)


Not included1440 (67.5)

Radiation therapy


Included156 (7.3)


Not included1977 (92.7)

Chemotherapy


Included613 (28.7)


Not included1520 (71.3)

Immunotherapy


Included597 (28)


Not included1536 (72)
Chemotherapy

Dacarbazine102 (4.8)

Cisplatin88 (4.1)

Paclitaxel62 (2.9)

Temozolomide61 (2.9)

Carboplatin61 (2.9)

Nab-paclitaxel6 (0.3)
Immunotherapy

Ipilimumab341 (16)

Nivolumab272 (12.8)

Pembrolizumab182 (8.5)

Atezolizumab7 (0.3)

T-VECa7 (0.3)

Relatlimab1 (0.05)

aT-VEC: talimogene laherparepvec.


This study explores the demographics represented in melanoma case reports, their treatments, and how treatments vary by demographics. The most common treatment modality was surgery, and the least common treatment modality was radiation therapy. There were significant differences in treatment modalities between sexes, with more male patients receiving immunotherapy and more female patients receiving surgery. Finally, older patients were more likely to receive immunotherapy. Previous work has highlighted the increased stage of melanoma at diagnosis in male patients [3]. Thus, it is plausible that some variations in treatment could be secondary to staging differences. Previous work looking at patients with metastatic melanoma from 2011 to 2015 found that older patients were less likely to receive immunotherapy, despite its greater survival benefit [5]. These differences may stem from practice changes or publication bias. If treatment variations were found to be present in clinical practice, such variations in management by sex could lead to suboptimal patient care and outcomes. Our study was limited in that the use of string-matched case report information may have missed some treatments. Additionally, the PMC-Patients database did not include information on race and ethnicity. Our study highlights the need for more research on treatment variations by demographics in melanoma cases.

Conflicts of Interest

BU is an employee of Mount Sinai and has received research funds (grants paid to the institution) from Incyte, Rapt Therapeutics, and Pfizer. He is also a consultant for Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. JU is an employee of Mount Sinai and is a consultant for AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, Janssen, Menlo Therapeutics, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, and UCB. RO, JN, and NG declare no relevant conflicts of interest.

  1. O'Hagan R, Caldas SA, Brunner PM, Ungar B. A survey of patient demographics in inflammatory skin disease case reports. JMIR Dermatol. Sep 25, 2023;6:e49070. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  2. Cortez JL, Vasquez J, Wei ML. The impact of demographics, socioeconomics, and health care access on melanoma outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jun 2021;84(6):1677-1683. [CrossRef] [Medline]
  3. Schwartz MR, Luo L, Berwick M. Sex differences in melanoma. Curr Epidemiol Rep. Jun 31, 2019;6(2):112-118. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
  4. Zhao Z, Jin Q, Chen F, Peng T, Yu S. PMC-Patients: a large-scale dataset of patient summaries and relations for benchmarking retrieval-based clinical decision support systems. arXiv. Preprint posted online on February 28, 2022. [CrossRef]
  5. Jain V, Hwang W, Venigalla S, Nead KT, Lukens JN, Mitchell TC, et al. Association of age with efficacy of immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Oncologist. Feb 2020;25(2):e381-e385. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]


OR: odds ratio


Edited by R Dellavalle; submitted 23.01.24; peer-reviewed by A Ahmadi, M Ben Amar, M Yadav; comments to author 21.03.24; revised version received 22.03.24; accepted 10.04.24; published 22.04.24.

Copyright

©Ross O'Hagan, Jessie Ngandjui, Benjamin Ungar, Jonathan Ungar, Nicholas Gulati. Originally published in JMIR Dermatology (http://derma.jmir.org), 22.04.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Dermatology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://derma.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.